ABSTRACT The coffee sector is estimated to have a retail market value in excess of USD 83 billion, and over 125 million jobs have been created in the global coffee chain. The coffee specialty market has recently increased significantly, generating opportunities to certify coffee beans produced by sustainable practices. This avoids practices potentially harmful to the environment. Agroforestry, organic farming, intercropping, and soil conservation strategies are examples of sustainable alternatives in the production of coffee. In this review, we focus on practices for the sustainable management of coffee plantations that can help farmers fight problems caused by global warming. More specifically, we address soil organic matter and microbiota, the use of Urochloa grass as intercrop in coffee plantations, shading systems (including agroforestry), and organic coffee production. We concluded that from the agronomic viewpoint, we already have production techniques that can replace traditional ones with significant advantages accruing to the quality of coffee orchard ecosystems. Nevertheless, we need scientific research efforts to deal with the existing gaps and the engagement of the whole coffee chain as a means of guaranteeing an adequate profit to those smallholders who adopt and maintain sustainable practice and are capable of bringing several positive changes to the coffee crop, including the use of microbia-based commercial products and new organic sources of nutrients to complement chemical fertilizers and improve coffee quality.

ABSTRACT In tomato, foliar application of calcium-based nutrient solutions is used to complement soil fertilization. However, knowledge regarding the factors that influence the effectiveness of foliar fertilizer applications remains incomplete. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficiency foliar fertilization with calcium for improving production and quality of hydroponic Sweet Grape tomatoes. An experiment was conducted in a commercial hydroponic system in a split-plit-plot scheme, with two calcium doses: 1,5 and 3 mmol L-1 of Ca. The solutions were sprayed on the leaves at intervals of 7 and 14 days, using commercial foliar fertilizers containing 0.3 g L-1 of calcium chloride or calcium acetate. The results indicate that the foliar application of calcium fertilizers, regardless of the amount of calcium provided in the nutrient solution and the frequency of applications, positively affects fruit production and quality. No difference was found between the effects of application of the two calcium sources, as well as the frequency of application.

RESUMO: A análise química de flores tem sido estudada em algumas culturas. Para o cafeeiro, a análise do tecido floral possibilitaria a antecipação do diagnóstico nutricional das lavouras. O estudo objetivou (i) comparar a composição mineral de flores e de folhas de cafeeiros (ii) e gerar normas para diagnose nutricional do cafeeiro com base na análise de tecidos de flores e folhas das plantas. Para isso, foram avaliados os teores de nutrientes em flores e folhas e a produtividade de café em 26 lavouras comerciais na região de Manhuaçu, MG, durante três anos. As faixas críticas de nutrientes determinadas em flores são: 2,78 - 3,17; 0,23 - 0,28; 2,80 - 3,12; 0,30 - 0,37; 0,24 - 0,30; 0,15 - 0,18 dag kg-1 de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, e 17 - 21; 12 - 18; 52 - 80; 26 - 43 e 28 - 48 mg kg-1 para Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe e B, respectivamente. As faixas críticas de nutrientes em folhas foram: 2,63 - 2,86; 0,13 - 0,14; 2,13 - 2,33; 1,04 - 1,22; 0,27 - 0,33; 0,15 - 0,18 dag kg-1 de N, P, K, Ca, Mg e S, e 9 - 14; 15 - 23; 80 - 115; 99 - 148 e 31 - 37 mg kg-1 para Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe e B, respectivamente. A diagnose nutricional do cafeeiro, quanto aos nutrientes N, P, Ca, Fe, Cu e Mn, pode ser antecipada por meio da análise de flores.

ABSTRACT: The chemical analysis of flowers has been studied for some crops. In coffee trees, the flower tissue analysis could anticipate the nutritional diagnosis. This study aimed to: (i) compare the mineral composition of coffee flowers and leaves; and to (ii) generate reference values for nutritional diagnosis of coffee trees, based on flower and leaf analysis. Nutrient content of flowers and leaves and coffee productivity were evaluated in 26 commercial farms located in Manhuaçu, MG, Brazil throughout three years. The critical nutrient content range in flowers are respectively: 2.78 - 3.17, 0.23 - 0.28, 2.80 - 3.12, 0.30 - 0.37, 0.24 - 0.30, 0.15 - 0.18 dag kg-1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S; and 17 - 21, 12 - 18, 52 - 80, 26 - 43, and 28 - 48 mg kg-1 of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, and B. For leaves, the critical nutrient ranges are respectively: 2.63 - 2.86, 0.13 - 0.14, 2.13 - 2.33, 1.04 - 1.22, 0.27 - 0.33, 0.15 - 0.18 dag kg-1 of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S; and 9 - 14, 15 - 23, 80 - 115, 99 - 148, and 31 - 37 mg kg-1 of Zn, Cu, Mn, Fe, and B. The nutritional diagnosis of coffee trees for N, P, Ca, Fe, Cu, and Mn can be anticipated using flower analysis.

ABSTRACT The adoption of more productive and nutrient-demanding genotypes, in addition soils with low availability of nutrients of soils under forest plantations, lead high fertilizer demand and justify research that seeks to rationalize the use of these inputs. Therefore, we aimed with this research to determine classes of interpretation of soil fertility using boundary line (BL) and estimate macronutrient sufficiency ranges for eucalyptus. Fertility classes and sufficiency ranges were obtained using a database of areas cultivated with eucalyptus in the Central-East region of Minas Gerais, Brazil, totaling 689 plots, containing information on yield, leaf contents, and soil chemical properties. Scatter plots were drawn relating the mean annual increment (MAI) in trunk volume (relative) with soil organic matter (OM), phosphorus (P), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) of the 0.00-0.20 m layer. Those graphs and equations were used to estimate soil fertility classes. Leaf contents of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg were plotted with soil contents of OM, P, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+. Using the Quadrant Diagram of the plant-soil Relationship (QDpsR) method, horizontal and vertical lines were drawn separating the cloud of points in four quadrants. With the points at the quadrants III and I, regression equations were fitted. To obtain foliar sufficiency ranges, soil values of critical and optimal levels of OM, P, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+, obtained by BL, were substituted in the equations generated by the QDpsR method. The appropriate soil content ranges determined by BL for productivity of 47.7 m3 ha-1 yr-1 were: 24.75-38.28 g kg-1 of OM, 8.5-14.6 mg dm-3 of P, 100.0-150.35 mg dm-3 of K+, 0.77-1.47 cmolc dm-3 of Ca2+, and 0.25-0.43 cmolc dm-3 of Mg2+. Leaf content ranges determined by QDpsR are: 19.4-21.3 g kg-1 of N, 1.0-1.2 g kg-1 of P, 8.5-10.6 g kg-1 of K, 4.8-6.1 g kg-1 of Ca, and 1.9-2.4 g kg-1 of Mg. The critical levels of nutrients in the soil, obtained by the BL method, and the leaf sufficiency ranges, obtained using the QDpsR method, are similar to those existing in the literature. This indicates that this methodology is reliable in establishing standards and that the critical levels obtained can be used to improve the recommendation of fertilizers for eucalyptus.

Abstract Studies evaluating the influence of nutrients on plant anatomy are very important because nutritional deficiencies can alter the thickness and shape of certain tissues, compromising their functionality what can explain the reduction of productivity. The aim of this study was to characterize the anatomical changes in cherry tomato plants subjected to calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) deficiencies. The experiment was conducted in nutrient solution and the plants subjected to three treatments: complete solution (Control), Ca restriction (1 mmol L-1 of Ca) and Mg omission (without Mg). The experimental design was completely randomized, with three repetitions. Sixty days after seedling transplanting leaves and stem were collected and submitted to anatomical evaluations. Ca or Mg deficiency promotes most evident anatomical changes in chlorophyllous and vascular tissues of the leaves, rather than in the stems. Leaves of ‘Sindy’ tomato plants with a concentration of 1.7 g kg-1 of Mg and visual symptoms of Mg deficiency present hyperplasia of both tissues, phloem and xylem. This deficiency also promotes increases in the thickness of mesophyll, spongy parenchyma and palisade parenchyma, and consequently of leaf thickness. The midrib of the leaves with a concentration of 10 g kg-1 of Ca, without visual symptoms of deficiency presented phloem hypertrophy and hyperplasia.

RESUMO A obtenção de frutos de boa qualidade e com alta produtividade é um dos principais desafios da cultura do tomateiro. Com o adensamento de cultivo, há redução na massa fresca de frutos e aumento na produtividade por área; porém, a comercialização considera o número e a massa fresca de frutos. Objetivou-se avaliar a produtividade e a qualidade de frutos de tomateiro híbrido de crescimento indeterminado (Rebeca), cultivado em sistema hidropônico, com diferentes densidades de plantio e número de cachos por planta. O experimento foi conduzido em casa-de-vegetação, em sistema de subirrigação contendo argila expandida como substrato. O delineamento foi em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e três repetições. Nas parcelas, foram alocadas quatro densidades de plantio (11,1 plantas m-2; 8,3 plantas m-2; 6,6 plantas m-2; e 5,5 plantas m-2) e, nas subparcelas, o número de cachos por planta (um ou dois). A produtividade total foi influenciada pela interação densidade de plantio x número de cachos por planta. O tratamento que possibilitou maior produção foi o de 11,1 plantas m-2 com dois cachos, com 22,61 kg m-2 ou 226,1 t ha-1, em um ciclo de cultivo de 134 dias. As variações observadas para os teores de nutrientes minerais nas folhas e frutos do tomateiro com um ou dois cachos, em densidades de 5,5-11,1 plantas m-2, não comprometem a qualidade dos frutos e nem influenciam na produção de frutos comercializáveis, no cultivo hidropônico.

ABSTRACT Obtaining a high yield of good quality fruits is one of the main challenges of the tomato crop. The enhancement in plant density promotes a reduction in the fruit fresh mass and an increase the yield per area. On the other hand, commercialization parameters take into account number and fresh mass of fruits. This study aimed at evaluating the yield and fruit quality of indeterminate growth hybrid tomato (Rebeca), cultivated in a hydroponic system, with different planting densities and number of bunches per plant. The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions, in a sub-irrigation system containing expanded clay as substrate. A split-plot randomized block design, with three replications, was used. In the plots, four planting densities (11.1 plants m-2, 8.3 plants m-2, 6.6 plants m-2 and 5.5 plants m-2) were allocated and, in the subplots, the number of bunches per plant (one or two). The total yield was influenced by the interaction planting density x number of bunches per plant. The treatment that allowed the highest yield was 11.1 plants m-2 with two bunches, with 22.61 kg m-2 or 226.1 t ha-1, in a crop cycle of 134 days. The observed variations for the nutrient contents of leaves and fruits of tomato plants with one or two bunches, at densities of 5.5-11.1 plants m-2, do not compromise the fruit quality nor influence the production of tradable fruits, using the hydroponic system.

Resumo: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do cobre na composição química dos grãos de café e na qualidade da bebida, bem como relacionar ambas aos teores foliares de Cu do cafeeiro (Coffea arabica). Cultivaram-se cafeeiros em sistema hidropônico com 0,2, 0,4, 0,8, 1,6 e 3,2 μmol L-1 de Cu até a produção de frutos. Avaliou-se a produção do café, e, após secagem dos grãos maduros, determinaram-se: a concentração foliar de cobre; a acidez total titulável; o índice de coloração; a condutividade elétrica; o K lixiviado; a atividade da polifenoloxidase (PPO); as concentrações de cafeína, trigonelina, ácidos orgânicos, fenóis totais, ácidos clorogênicos (3-CQA, 4-CQA e 5CQA), sacarose, glicose, arabinose, manose e galactose; e a qualidade sensorial dos grãos torrados. O Cu aumentou a produção de grãos, a atividade de PPO e as concentrações de ácidos orgânicos, 3-CQA, sacarose e arabinose. A acidez total titulável, os fenóis totais e o 4-CQA e o 5-CQA foram reduzidos com o incremento das doses de Cu. Os teores foliares relacionados aos valores máximos e mínimos dos atributos de qualidade desejáveis e indesejáveis variaram de 5,6 a 11,4 mg kg -1 de Cu, respectivamente. O cobre afeta a produção e a composição química dos grãos de café, e os atributos relacionados à qualidade são maximizados com baixas concentrações foliares do nutriente.

Abstract: The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of copper on the chemical composition of coffee beans and on the quality of the beverage, relating both of them to the Cu leaf contents in coffee (Coffea arabica) plants. Coffee plants were grown in a hydroponic system containing 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, and 3.2 μmol L-1 Cu until fruit setting. Coffee bean production was evaluated, and, after the cherries were dried, the following characteristics were determined: leaf Cu content; total titratable acidity; color index; electrical conductivity; leached K; polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity; concentrations of caffeine, trigonelline, organic acids, total phenols, chlorogenic acids (3-CQA, 4-CQA, and 5-CQA), sucrose, glucose, arabinose, mannose, and galactose; and sensory quality of roasted beans. Cu increased bean yield, PPO activity, and the concentrations of organic acids, 3-CQA, sucrose, and arabinose. Total titratable acidity, total phenols, 4-CQA, and 5-CQA were reduced with increasing Cu doses. Leaf contents related to the maximum and minimum values of desirable and undesirable quality attributes ranged from 5.6 to 11.4 mg kg-1 Cu, respectively. Copper affects the production and chemical composition of coffee beans, and the attributes related to quality are maximized in plants with low leaf contents of the nutrient.

ABSTRACT: Research focused on adequate nutrition of plants is essential in modern coffee production to increase yield and develop more efficient management strategies with greater environmental and economic sustainability. The objectives of this study were to establish critical and optimal levels of soil fertility properties for high yielding Arabica coffee crops using the Boundary Line method and, then, relate the macronutrient contents in the diagnostic leaf of coffee to the macronutrients available in the soil using the Quadrant Diagram of the Plant-Soil Relationship (QDpsR). The study made use of a soil chemical analysis database, leaf macronutrient contents, and Arabica coffee yield from five representative coffee-growing regions in Minas Gerais. An analysis of data consistency was performed, and relative fruit yield (RFY) was related to the soil organic matter (SOM), P, K, Ca, and Mg contents in the soil, establishing the boundary line (BL) in each graph. Equations were adjusted from the BL points, and the equation that best fit was selected. Using the QDpsR method, the response plane was divided into four quadrants, where the total leaf contents of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, and S were plotted as a function of the contents of SOM, P, K, Ca, and Mg in the soil, on the y and x axes of the Cartesian coordinate system. The regression equations were adjusted to the pairs of points (y, x) of quadrants III and I and were used to estimate the macronutrient sufficiency ranges from the critical and optimal levels in the soil. The BL method was used to determine the class of good soil fertility for SOM, P, K, Ca, and Mg. The QDpsR method allows determination of response curves for leaf content as a variable of soil contents, making it possible to estimate the sufficiency ranges in the diagnostic leaf of coffee: 33.4-35.8 g kg-1 of N, 1.4-1.6 g kg-1 of P, 24.4-27.0 g kg-1 of K, 11.9-13.6 g kg-1 of Ca, 3.8-4.5 g kg-1 of Mg, and 1.4-1.8 g kg-1 of S; which were consistent with the sufficiency ranges considered suitable for the crop. This study demonstrated the importance of leaf analysis as a tool for evaluation of the nutritional status of Arabica coffee since the technique is consistent with the theoretical principles underlying it.

A razão entre nitrogênio (N) e potássio (K) pode ser importante para obtenção de cafés especiais, uma vez que doses adequadas destes nutrientes podem suprimir ou aumentar a concentração de certos compostos químicos essenciais ao sabor e aroma da bebida. Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes relações N:K e doses de K na qualidade da bebida do café. Foram realizadas avaliações referentes à concentração de compostos químicos essenciais à formação de sabor e aroma dos grãos e teores de N, K e cafeína em folhas e grãos. A relação N:K e o K são importantes definidores da qualidade da bebida de café sendo a melhor qualidade observada na relação N:K 1:1.56. Os grãos que apresentam melhor qualidade da bebida têm maiores atividade da PPO, cafeína, índice de coloração, açúcares redutores e menores acidez total titulável, pH, condutividade elétrica e lixiviação de potássio.

The ratio of nitrogen (N) to potassium (K) is important in the production of specialty coffees because the relative amounts of N and K can either suppress the formation or increase the concentration of compounds that are essential to the flavor and aroma of specialty coffees. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of different N:K ratios (w/w) and K doses on the cup quality of coffee. The concentrations of chemical compounds essentials to achieve good flavor and aroma, the N and K contents, and the caffeine contents of coffee leaves and beans were evaluated in this study. The N:K ratio and the K dose were found to be important factors in cup quality, the best quality corresponding to an N:K ratio of 1:1.56. The best cup quality was obtained from beans with greater PPO activity, caffeine, color index, and sugars and lower total tritatable acidity, pH, electrical conductivity and leached potassium.

Os nutrientes minerais interferem na qualidade final do café por duas vias, uma direta, por seu papel no metabolismo da planta e acúmulo de compostos químicos desejáveis, do ponto de vista do aroma e sabor do café, e, outra, indireta, por seu papel na produção de compostos que desfavorecem o desenvolvimento microbiano nos grãos. Neste trabalho, procurou-se destacar as características químicas dos grãos associadas à qualidade da bebida e suas possíveis interações com os macro e micronutrientes, bem como relatar os resultados de pesquisa que relacionam nutrição mineral, qualidade da bebida e produção de compostos a ela associados.

Mineral nutrients influence the final quality of coffee in two ways: first directly, for their functions in plant metabolism and accumulation of desirable chemical compounds from the standpoint of flavor and taste of coffee; and indirectly, for its role in producing compounds that are harmful to microbial growth in beans. In this study, we focused on the chemical compounds of green coffee related to good beverage quality and its possible interactions with macro and micronutrients. We also report research findings that relate mineral nutrition, beverage quality and production of compounds in coffee beans.

O pinhão-manso (Jatropha curcas L.), pertecente à família Euphorbiaceae, é uma planta oleaginosa que tem recebido expressiva atenção para produção de biocombustível. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da deficiência de macro e micronutrientes no crescimento e estado nutricional de pinhão-manso, cultivado em solução nutritiva. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com treze tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se de solução completa e omissão individual de cada um dos seguintes nutrientes: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn ou Fe. A ordem decrescente de restrição da produção de massa de matéria seca foi N>Mg>S>K>Ca=P>Zn>B=Fe. As omissões de N e de P foram as que mais afetaram os teores dos macronutrientes da parte aérea das plantas e os sintomas de deficiências observados foram clorose, redução do crescimento e folhas deformadas.

Jatropha curcas L. belongs to the Euphorbiaceae family. It is an oleaginousplant and it has received much attention because of the production of biofuels. The objective of this study was to evaluate the nutritional status of Jatropha curcas under deficiency of macro and micronutrients in nutrient solution. The experimental design was completely randomized with thirteen treatments and three replications.The treatments consisted of a complete solution and individual omission of each of the following nutrients: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Cu, Mn, Mo, Zn or Fe. The decreasing orderofproductionrestriction ofdry matterwasN>Mg>S>K>Ca=P>Zn>B=Fe. Omissions of N and P affected mots the contents of macronutrients in the shoots of physic nut and the deficiency symptoms observed were chlorosis, reduced growth and deformed leaves.

A resposta do cafeeiro aos adubos orgânicos é pouco estudada e, por isso, objetivou-se, neste trabalho, avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de composto e de Crotalaria juncea L. sobre o crescimento, a produção e a nutrição nitrogenada dos cafeeiros. Os tratamentos foram: composto orgânico, nas doses de 25, 50, 75 e 100% da adubação recomendada, com ou sem a parte aérea de C. juncea. A C. juncea foi cultivada com N-NH4 (2% de 15N) e aplicada nos cafeeiros. A crotalária promoveu maior crescimento em altura e diâmetro de copa do cafeeiro. No 1º ano, o percentual de N derivado da crotalária atingiu 8,5% aos sete meses e 4,1%, aos quinze meses após a adubação. No 2º ano, foram atingidos 17,9% de N derivado da crotalária no início da colheita, cinco meses após a adubação. O aumento das doses de composto promove a elevação do pH, P, K, Ca, Mg, Soma de bases, CTCefetiva, saturação de bases e matéria orgânica, e redução da acidez potencial. O uso do isótopo 15N permite a identificação da contribuição do N derivado da crotalária para o cafeeiro, com percentuais foliares de N derivado de Crotalaria juncea de 9,2 a 17,9%.

Information concerning the response of coffee to organic fertilizers is scarce. This study evaluates the effect of different doses of compost and Crotalaria juncea L. on growth, production and nitrogen nutrition of coffee trees. The treatments consisted of compost at rates of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of the recommended fertilization, with or without the aerial part of C. juncea. C. juncea was grown with NH4-N (2% 15N) and applied to coffee. The use of C. juncea increased growth in height and diameter of the coffee canopy. In the first year, the percentage of N derived from C. juncea reached 8.5% at seven months and 4.1% at fifteen months after fertilization. In the second year, the percentage of N derived from C. juncea reached 17.9% N at the early harvest, five months after fertilization. Increased rates of compost increased pH , P , K , Ca , Mg , sum of bases , effective CEC, base saturation and organic matter and reduced potential acidity. 15N allowed the identification of the N contribution from C. juncea with percentage of leaf N derived from Crotalaria juncea from 9.2 to 17.9%.

Estudos de eficiência nutricional de fósforo, em cafeeiro conilon, são ferramentas importantes para contornar a elevada limitação que os baixos níveis naturais desse nutriente trazem aos cultivares dessa espécie. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, estudar a eficiência nutricional e a resposta ao fósforo por clones de cafeeiro conilon. As plantas foram conduzidas durante 150 dias em vasos, contendo 10 dm³ de solo, em casa de vegetação. Utilizou-se o esquema fatorial 13 x 2, com três repetições, sendo os fatores: 13 clones que compõem o cultivar clonal "Vitória Incaper 8142" e dois níveis de adubação fosfatada (0 e 150% do recomendado de P2O5 para a cultura), em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Os resultados indicam resposta diferenciada de produção de massa de matéria seca e de conteúdo de fósforo a cada nível de adubação fosfatada, para os clones de cafeeiro conilon e que os clones CV-04, CV-05 e CV-08 apresentam-se nutricionalmente eficientes e responsivos à adubação fosfatada.

Studies on nutritional efficiency of phosphorus in conilon coffee plants are important tools to unravel the high limitation that natural low levels of this nutrient in soil impose to these species cultivars. Therefore, this study aimed at evaluating the nutritional efficiency and the response to phosphorus of conilon coffee clones. Plants were managed during 150 days in pots containing 10 dm³ of soil, in greenhouse. A factorial scheme 13 x 2 was used, with three replications, being the factors: 13 clones constituting the clonal cultivar "Vitória Incaper 8142" and two levels of phosphate fertilization (0% and 150% of the P2O5 usualy recommended), in a completely randomized design (CRD). The results indicate a differentiated response of dry matter production and of phosphorus content on each level of phosphate fertilization for the conilon coffee clones and that CV-04, CV-05 and CV-08 clones are nutritionally efficient and responsive to the phosphate fertilization.

O suprimento adequado de nutrientes ao cafeeiro é essencial para obtenção de alta produtividade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do nitrogênio, do potássio e da relação N:K no crescimento vegetativo e reprodutivo do cafeeiro. Para isto, plantas de café receberam solução nutritiva, contendo K nas concentrações de 1,08; 2,15; 3,23 e 5,38 mmol L-1, combinadas com a dose de 6 mmol L-1 de N, obtendo-se as relações N:K (p/p):1,0:0,5; 1,0:1,0; 1,0:1,5; 1,0:2,5. O tratamento controle continha as doses de 3 e 1,61 mmol L-1 de N e K, respectivamente, resultando na relação N:K (p/ p) de 1,0:1,5. Avaliaram-se a altura, o diâmetro do caule, número de nós do oitavo ramo plagiotrópico (ramo índice), o número de pares de ramos plagiotrópicos e o número de nós do ramo ortotrópico a cada três semanas após o início do experimento. Realizaram-se também análises da composição química dos grãos beneficiados e folhas, no período entre a floração e expansão rápida dos frutos, produção de café cereja por planta e classificação dos grãos quanto ao tamanho. O N influenciou principalmente as características de crescimento vegetativo e o K influenciou principalmente as características de crescimento reprodutivo, avaliadas pela produção. A menor produção resultou em percentagens mais elevadas de grãos retidos nas peneiras com crivos maiores que 16/64 polegadas, enquanto a maior produção promoveu aumento na percentagem de grãos retidos nas peneiras com crivos menores que 16/64 polegadas.

An adequate supply of nutrients is essential for obtaining high yields of coffee. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of N, K and the N:K ratio on vegetative and reproductive growth of coffee. For this purpose, coffee plants were grown in nutrient solution containing K in the concentrations of 1.08; 2.15; 3.23 and 5.38 mmol L-1 combined with a dose of 6 mmol L-1 N, resulting in the N:K ratios (w/w): 1:0.5; 1:1; 1:1.5 and 1:2.5. The control treatment consisted of the doses 3 and 1.61 mmol L-1 of N and K respectively, resulting in the N:K ratio (w/w) 1.0:1.5. The following variables were evaluated: height, stem diameter, number of nodes of the eighth plagiotrofic branch (index branch), pairs of plagiotrofic branches and number of nodes in the orthotropic branch every three weeks from the beginning of the experiment. Additionally, it was evaluated the chemical composition of processed beans and leaves between the flowering and the rapid expansion stage of the cherry beans, production of cherry beans per plant and classification of beans according to the size. N influenced mainly the characteristics of vegetative growth and K influenced mainly the reproductive growth evaluated by the production. The lowest production resulted in the highest percentages of beans retained on sieves with holes larger than 16/64", while the highest production promoted an increase in the percentage of beans retained on sieves with holes smaller than 16/64".

Apesar da importância do zinco na nutrição do cafeeiro, quase não há informações que relacionem o suprimento de zinco e a qualidade dos grãos. Este trabalho avaliou o efeito de zinco sobre a produção e a qualidade dos grãos de café. O experimento foi conduzido com Coffea arabica L. na Zona da Mata de Minas Gerais, Brasil. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com dois tratamentos: suplementação com zinco (oito parcelas) e controle, sem zinco (quatro parcelas). Cada parcela útil constou de quatro plantas competitivas. Foram avaliados a produtividade, número de grãos defeituosos, grãos atacados por brocas, tamanho de grãos, qualidade da bebida, teor de zinco nos grãos, potássio lixiviado, condutividade elétrica, índice de coloração, acidez total titulável, pH, teores de ácidos clorogênicos e atividade antioxidante dos grãos de café. O zinco afetou positivamente a qualidade dos grãos de café, que apresentou menor percentagem de grãos de tamanhos médio e pequeno, menor incidência de broca, menor lixiviação de potássio e condutividade elétrica, maiores teores de zinco e ácidos clorogênicos e maior atividade antioxidante, em comparação com os grãos do controle.

Besides its importance in the coffee tree nutrition, there is almost no information relating zinc nutrition and bean quality. This work evaluated the effect of zinc on the coffee yield and bean quality. The experiment was conducted with Coffea arabica L. in "Zona da Mata" region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Twelve plots were established at random with 4 competitive plants each. Treatments included plants supplemented with zinc (eight plots) and control without zinc supplementation (four plots). Plants were subjected to two treatments: zinc supplementation and control. Yield, number of defective beans, beans attacked by berry borers, bean size, cup quality, beans zinc concentration, potassium leaching, electrical conductivity, color index, total tritable acidity, pH, chlorogenic acids contents and ferric-reducing antioxidant activity of beans were evaluated. Zinc positively affected quality of coffee beans, which presented lower percentage of medium and small beans, lower berry borer incidence, lower potassium leaching and electrical conductivity, higher contents of zinc and chlorogenic acids and higher antioxidant activity in comparison with control beans.